China’s Olympic Torch Controversy

In a world where media are able to put a glaring spotlight on certain events, actions done by ordinary individuals gain greater attention from other people. The internet further amplifies the magnitude of these events because people from other countries can immediately know what is happening. This enables them to draw their own conclusions regarding the actions that were just covered. Such is the case of the controversy surrounding the on-going Olympic Torch relay. What was supposed to be a journey that could promote peace and understanding among different cultures has turned into a fiasco. Protesters have come in full force to disrupt this event. From Paris to London, the world has to come to witness several people trying to grab the Olympic Torch. The protesters targeted this event as a venue to ventilate their sentiments regarding China’s treatment of the unrest that had erupted in Tibet last month where China sent its paramilitary forces to crackdown on the Tibetan protesters (â€Å"China’s View of the Olympic Torch†. 09 April 2008. TIME Magazine online). This has led to protest calls from various sectors especially in Western countries. Some clamor by asking China to stop its heavy handed treatment of dissenters in Tibet while others like Hillary Clinton have asked their governments to boycott the Beijing Olympics opening ceremonies as a strong disapproval of Beijing’s standing policy with regard to Tibet. This issue can be seen as part of a long standing question in international relations (â€Å"Clinton urges Bush to boycott Beijing Olympics†. 7 April 2008. Yahoo News). The question being, should individuals from other countries be involved in another country’s problems? To be able to generate an answer to this question, one must define the parameters for the terms individuals, involvement and problems. In the case of the individuals, there are two kinds that are pertinent to this discussion. These are the private citizens and the public officials. The ordinary citizens include those who try to disrupt the proceedings by attempting to wrest the Olympic torch and by displaying the Tibetan flag are examples of what are known as private citizens. Public officials refer to politicians in other countries that are expressing their dissent over the policies of other countries. Involvement is defined here as the actions done by the identified individuals. This may include cajoling, beseeching or pressuring officials through such acts disrupting the events or by issuing officials statements condemning the policies of the country in question. Problems, due to space constraints and timeliness, would be limited to issues on human rights. This issue is one of the most important points of contention between Western countries especially the United States and other nations such as China and Russia in recent years. This paper argues that involvement in issues such as human rights should be limited to the actions done by private citizens and that public officials should refrain from issuing official statements that criticizes the policies of other government’s with regard to human rights. Why is this so? If one is to look at the recent track record of the US government regarding the issue of human rights, one would find sufficient ammunition to fire back to the US side of the fence. The well-documented infamous cases of Abu Ghraib and Guantanamo prison camps highlight the abuses that are also taking place within the backyard of the United States. Theses cases have led some officials from both China and Russia to criticize the alleged double standards being practiced by the United States in its dealings with other countries. China and Russia often challenge the US claims made through official State Department reports regarding their respective human rights record (Cody A14). In a nutshell, they argued that before the US issues such official statements it should first see to it that its own house is in order. One could also consider the lack of efficacy of these official calls on these countries to reform. It had only infuriated them and their existing policies on human rights have not changed despite these repeated calls. Also, these official statements have contributed to making negotiations in other important areas such as security and trade even more difficult at best and highly contentious at worst. Now if one is to engage in involvement, one can argue that it would be best left in the hands of private citizens. This is warranted for several reasons. In an era where there have been numerous cases of human rights of abuses, there is a recognizable need to highlight this particular issue. The private citizens at this point are in the best position to do it for two reasons. One is that they are not burdened by the labels of hypocrisy and lacking in moral authority that have been attached to the US government in the aftermath of its prison camps fiasco. When an individual like Steven Spielberg protests by declaring himself unavailable to be a technical consultant for the Beijing Games he is not labeled as hypocrite and his message is delivered to the public. Two, private citizens who exhibit involvement; especially in the form of very dramatic forms of protests can get their much desired media mileage. They consequently derive public sympathy for their respective causes as well. One could cite the case of Olympic medalist Sebastian Coe who was manhandled by the paramilitary forces assigned by Beijing to protect the Olympic torch(â€Å"China’s View of the Olympic Torch†. April 2008. TIME Magazine online). The incident involving him generated substantial media attention on the protest against the Chinese government’s action on Tibet while not causing any direct problems among government officials. The protests done by ordinary citizens if carried by major news outfits can generate support from around the world wit hout exactly obliging their governments to issue officials statements that can adversely affect immediate and long-term relationships with countries whose policies are being questioned.

Only Child Syndrome Essay

When most couples today are thinking about kids, they wonder how many they should have. Some people want big families and others would rather have smaller ones. Then there are others that have no clue. They may worry about ‘the only child syndrome†, there are some people that believe it’s true. The question is ‘what is the only child syndrome? It’s a myth that dates back all the way to the late 1800s. When G. Stanley Hall said being an only child was â€Å"a disease all in itself.† Susan Newman, a social psychologist at Rutgers University and the author of the book â€Å"Parenting an Only Child† says the myth has been continued because, â€Å"People articulate that only children are spoiled, they’re aggressive, they’re bossy, they’re lonely, they’re maladjusted and the list goes on and on and on.† (Only-Child Syndrome or Advantage) But there is no science to prove that the stereotype is true. Newman has said, â€Å"There has been hundreds and hundreds of research studies that show that only children are no different from their peers.† (OCSA) Even though most parents fear that their child will have â€Å"the only child syndrome†, there are many positive aspects of having an only child. Children are expensive. According to the department of Labor, for families that make roughly $60,000 a year, each child costs more than $250,000 by the time he or she reaches 18, and that doesn’t include the cost of college (What’s Better: One Child or Siblings?). Children cost their parents roughly $50,000 in just food by the time their 18. †Twenty percent of the family population is one child,† Susan Newman said. â€Å"In the major metropolitan cities, like New York and Los Angeles, that number is thirty percent. People are having children later, which leaves less time for having the second child. Housing is expensive. The divorce rate hovers at fifty percent. Often both parents are working, and child care is a factor.† (WB:OCS) By being in an only child family, the child can develop better verbal skills and excel in school because they have more time to read than children with siblings. They also tend to have high IQ’s because their parents hold them to such high expectations and have more money to give them for schooling. Only children usually have good leadership benefits. They are both born first and last so they have both roles that they have to assume. Only children don’t usually take to groups often, but when they do they more that usually will dominate the group in leadership positions (Only Child Versus Multiple Siblings). As an only child they don’t have to worry about sibling rivalries. They don’t have to worry about competing for their parent’s affection. Sibling rivalries may become out of control when a younger, rebellious siblings compete for their parent’s affection. In some instances, sibling rivalries have become fatal when inheritances or other emotional affection come into play (OCVMS). It’s no fun having a sibling that your parent’s think can do no wrong. The child always has to get compared to this sibling no matter what they do. It would put a strain on the relationship with the sibling and also the relationship with the parents. An only child wouldn’t have to deal with any of that. Only children can grow up to become more independent, that is if their parents haven’t spoiled them by tending to their each and every need (Advantages and Disadvantages of Being an Only Child). They wouldn’t have an older sibling to depend on to help them every step of the way so they would have to fend for themselves. There may be many advantages of being an only child but there are also some disadvantages. â€Å"The Little Emperor Syndrome† is one that comes to mind. The Little Emperor Syndrome is an unintended consequence of China’s one-child policy. The parent gives their love, attention, resources to the one child and the results are that the child becomes spoiled and behaves like a â€Å"Little Emperor†. (ADBOC) The child gets used to having everything done for them by their parent so much so that when they live in the real world, they are faced with real problems they may not be able to cope with. They may also lack self-confidence, and may feel lost when they are outside of the shelter that their parent have made for them. This may not always be the case though. It can be overcome with good parenting. Another big disadvantage of being an only child may be the feeling of loneliness. They wouldn’t have any siblings to talk to and share memories with, or to play with on the weekends. When their parents are no longer around, not having someone to talk to or look up to for any kind of help or support can be a real problem for the child. Furthermore, when their parents are older and need to have someone to take care of them, the only child would have to have all of that responsibility on their shoulders and it could get very overwhelming (ADBOC). An only child could have a lot of pressure put on them by their parents. Like pressure to keep the family name going, or academic pressures. Also being an only child could mean having your parents watch you like a hawk, which may be quite suffocating and stressful. Having siblings could take some of that pressure off that one child and they could have a more of a stress free life. But again this may not be true in all cases. The only child may be able to handle stress easily or have no stress at all. Only children have to work twice as hard at making friends. They don’t have the opportunity of learning social skills by having other children in their household. So that means they have to learn all of their social skills in the real world with other children. An only child may be labeled as a â€Å"spoiled brat† by others that are jealous of their success. They usually receive more negativity from the world than children who were raised with multiple siblings (OCVMS). They may also be labeled as â€Å"loners† because they are used to working on their own on solving problems. A â€Å"loner† isn’t usually taken well by society. Only children usually value their privacy and the luxuries of having their personal lives communicated only to trusted groups of individuals (OCVMS). On the other hand, having multiple siblings can have its advantages, too. Children with siblings learn to negotiate, dominate or submit to other people. They learn to interact with each other at home first rather than with other children. Siblings tend to learn from each other’s mistakes. The first born usually take the role of the â€Å"teacher† or the boss in the family. They can teach the younger siblings about the things they did wrong when they were younger and didn’t know themselves. People who must deal with multiple siblings learn to be better leaders. They are taught to cooperate negotiate and in some instances, compete at home (OCVMS). Most likely the oldest sibling is usually the natural born leader. When individuals have siblings they tend to learn early n what their strengths and weaknesses are and they can build their lives accordingly. Negotiating with multiple siblings is usually a big reason so individuals to learn fast what their strength and we aknesses are so they can use them. Like being an only child, having siblings has its disadvantages too. Having to fight for parent attention and financial support is a big one. Parents who often have to educate multiple kids and enroll them in social activities find themselves in financial strain (OCVMS). So if there is a big age difference between kids, one child may have completely different experience that the other siblings. The blame game is another disadvantage. Younger siblings are usually more rebellious and less successful. The older sibling is usually the one that takes the heat for the younger sibling’s proclivities or personality traits. Younger male siblings are more likely to become homosexual. In fact, there is a 20% chance that a younger male sibling will become gay (OCVMS). Jealousy is often directed toward the older and usually more successful sibling. The younger siblings may form a group to unseat the older sibling from their â€Å"throne.† Younger siblings may be jealous of the older siblings’ money, knowledge, spouse, status, or the time that was spent with their parents before they were born. This happens especially when there is a significant age different between siblings. Many couples now days have to worry about many different things when they want to become parents. They worry about how many kids they want and financially strains of having children. I come from a family where I am the eldest of four younger siblings. Even though I don’t experience it first hand, I am not one who believes in the only child syndrome. Works Cited â€Å"Advantages and Disadvantages of Being an Only Child.† HubPages. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Nov. 2012. . â€Å"Joys of Parenting.† Joys of Parenting. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Nov. 2012. . â€Å"Only Child Syndrome a Myth.† Discovery News. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Nov. 2012. . â€Å"The Situationist.† The Situationist. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Nov. 2012.

Impact of Leadership in Organizational School Culture Essay

Impact of Leadership in Organizational School Culture - Essay Example She acknowledges that they do not respect each other due to lack of a consistent culture. The principal thus decides to institute a culture week to have the students showcase different cultures to ease the apparent tension. Lack of a homogenous school culture is both oppressive and discriminatory for other subgroups found within the school. The decision to include students in the management of their affairs is critical in effecting change that directly touches on their problems. Second: Staff stability to facilitate the development of strong cohesive school culture. Patricia Morgillo was posted to Quinnipiac Elementary School a priority school by designation of the state. The design was based students needing an intervention on the CMT. The school would receive more funding from New Haven school district, but stigma was directed to its teachers and pupils. She decided to refer to the school’s data to mobilize support for improvement from students and teachers. Previous adminis trators had not used hard data effectively to improve students' potential. "In fact, when I first came here, they used check marks to track students mostly on behavior, Morgillo said. Quinnipiac was a community school, and Morgillo knew staff had to examine statistics and soft data to implement change. Dr.Osborne, an executive in the district’s priority schools devised an action plan for addressing low test scores, strengthened professional development, and using data to effect change in different strands of the Connecticut Mastery Test.

How and Why Does Du Bois Allude to Swift's A Modest Proposal Essay

How and Why Does Du Bois Allude to Swift's A Modest Proposal - Essay Example In his story, A Mild Suggestion, Du Bois alludes Swift’s A Modest Proposal. Having looked at the problems that were caused by the high population characterized by poor people in Ireland, Swift does his calculations and comes up with a proposal for the Ireland society. He says that, â€Å"I propose to provide for them in such a Manner, as, instead of being a Charge upon their Parents, or the Parish, or wanting Food and Raiment for the rest of their Lives; they shall, on the contrary, contribute to the Feeding, and partly to the Clothing, of many Thousands† (Swift 3). Swift states that the problem that affects the society most is overpopulation. In fact, he states that most abortions occur in society because of financial constraints as opposed to moral decadence. He states that poor people give birth to many children whereas they cannot afford to cater for their needs. Through satire, he proposes that poor catholic families of Irish origin should feed and fatten their chi ldren then sell them to wealthy people, the Protestants, who are the land owners. This way they will be able to resolve the predicament of poverty and starving their children. The wealthy Protestants would use those children for their food purposes. This is a satirical story that mocks the poor in the society(Swift 4). W.E.B Du Bois alludes Swift’s A Modest Proposal by writing A Mild Suggestion. ... He emphasizes on his proposal by stating that, "The next morning there would be ten million funerals, and therefore no Negro problem. Think how quietly the thing would be settled!" (Du Bois 19).Therefore, he offers a solution for the white population that would enable them end the problem that has long been existent. The two stories are about class struggles in the society. Both Swift and Du Bois have problems that they think require a solution that will end those problems once and for all. The problem that Swift wants to solve is poverty and starvation caused by irresponsible births brought about by the poor. Dubois wants to solve the problem of racism that exists between the white population and the black population, in the United States of America. Both Swift and Du Bois offer controversial solutions that favor one group and discriminate on another group, in the same society. Du Bois alludes Swift by offering a similar proposal but on a different case. Despite the fact that Du Boi se does not carry out a mathematical analysis, he analyzes the issues surrounding racism between the whites and blacks, in America. After his analysis, he proposes to the white that the best option is to slaughter blacks. Du Bois similarly proposes that slaughtering the people who are the problem, in the society is the best solution. Swift proposes the children to be slaughtered while Du Bois proposes the blacks to be slaughtered (Du Bois 50). Du Bois also alludes Swift by offering a solution to the problem that affects the people who are powerful or the high class in the society. In swift’s case, the powerful are the wealthy Protestants. They will not be affected because their children will not be slaughtered. In Du Bois case, the powerful are the whites who claim

Not set, depends on a research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Not set, depends on a research - Essay Example It was this pacified demeanor reinforced in King’s speech that I want to give focus to. The speech is an intense argument that delivers its point to persuade others in the pursuit of the objective that the movement aspires to accomplish. The eloquent call of Dr. King to his people was an inspiration that gave face to the diplomatic crusade of the African-American people. â€Å"Let us not seek to satisfy our thirst for freedom by drinking from the cup of bitterness and hatred† (King). This was meant to be a reminder against the tendency of those who employ the use of violence to call attention to their goal. â€Å"Some of you have come from areas where your quest for freedom left you battered by the storms of persecution and staggered by the winds of police brutality† (King). This is also recognition on the tendency of others to be consumed by animosity against those who prejudice their race because of the reality that demonstrations could easily turn vicious. Thi s is not the answer, as he reiterates, to be able to achieve true freedom from the existing racial oppression. Much like the crusade of Mahatma Gandhi and his adherence to uphold a passive resistance, ensuring that there is no bloodshed, Dr. King called for the same. A wrong can never be corrected by another wrong and where a victory is sought and achieved through inequitable means then it is a shallow triumph nonetheless. â€Å"He could not see that the fact that a majority was oppressing a minority, even violently, somehow justified the minority's oppressing the majority by violence in turn. Nor could he see that an oppressive minority should be suppressed by a violent majority† (Steinkraus 104). When we look at it, the success of the Civil Rights Movement is even more admirable in a historical point of view because they were able to change the course of future because of the virtue of the people who led them. This is why Martin Luther King is the first person we associate with racial equality. The event itself was a confirmation of the peaceful face of the movement. There was something on that day extremely different from all the riots that are happening in other parts of the country. The people were very calm and though the number of those present was numerous, there was no tension between the police officers and the demonstrators. There were sharing of food and the people were dressed as though they were going to church. The organizers of the protest kept a working relationship with the officers and there was a system created to ensure that everything was orderly. Some participants even went so far as to prepare 80,000 cheese sandwiches in New York (Lei and Miller 84). Warren Steinkraus in his article, â€Å"Martin Luther King's Personalism and Non-Violence,† explores the development of King’s philosophy from the influence of religion from early on up to his acquaintance with various political and social philosophers that shaped his o wn views. This formation of his own philosophy is significant in understanding how he came to impart his own indelible mark on the Civil Rights Movement. â€Å"King's support of non-violence as a method of social change seems to be derived from his view of the nature of the ultimate ground of existence and the place and importance of finite individuals in the universe†

Self harm problem in prisons. What initiatives have been implemented Essay

Self harm problem in prisons. What initiatives have been implemented by the Prison Service to reduce the likelihood of self harm - Essay Example The staff also provides advice and assistance on the support available to prisoners. The staff also provides the company of a safe person as a cell mate or a person who can listen to the woes of the disturbed person or a staff member extents assistance to find a solution. In extreme cases, the prison staff observes the prisons and engages in conversation during specific intervals of time and the reason for being in prison is explained to the prisoner. Prison Service employs a well planned system known as ACCT to recognize and assist prisoners who are like to commit suicide or self harm. ACCT (Assessment, Care in Custody and Teamwork) is practices in all prisons from April 2007. This method is in replacement to the old F2052SH system with flexibility and the support of multi disciplinary action to evade prisoners from self harm. The method gives confidence to staff to extent their assistance and personalized care to distressed inmates, to assist neutralize a probable suicide attempt and to assist prisoners with long term requirement (when the person has repetitive history of self harm) to decrease their distress. The ACCT method makes sure that all prisoners participate in the process. Prisoners are required to undergo an interview with an expert Assessor who will then chart out personalized care plan. Prisoners are also encouraged to participate in timely Cases Reviews for the support and care provided to them. In addition to Prison Services there are several assistance mechanisms and agencies that work for prisoners in crisis. Peer assistance schemes are operated in most of the prisons. The Listeners schemes is one such systems where inmates are given training by Samaritans and learn to hear to the problems of other prisoners by maintaining confidentiality in case emotional assistance is required for some reason. Other assistance available to prisoners in the prison premises are assistance for substance misuse,

The neurotransmittion pathology and thier malfuction due to cancer Research Paper

The neurotransmittion pathology and thier malfuction due to cancer - Research Paper Example Such disease as cancer can be the reason of various transmitter pathologies. The study of the Leipzig University showed that at least one of the three cancer patients in German hospitals also has neurotransmitter pathology. Cancer patients with the psyche abnormal are more likely to complain of pain and tend to suicide. ). Cancer also leads to decreased concentration ability, disruption of thinking, change in level of consciousness, disorientation, violation of perception, disorders of the sleep cycle, memory impairment, etc. Even schizophrenia can be provoked by cancer. Besides, these two diseases share common genetic roots. Thus, it is necessary to treat both physical and mental disorders simultaneously. Key words: cancer, mental disorder, neurotransmission pathologies, neurotransmitter, schizophrenia. For a long time the mental and physical health were treated separately from each other, that, according to the World Federation for Mental Health, was not beneficial to patients. Tha t is why the main theme of World Mental Health Day-2010 was the relationships between mental and physical conditions and their importance for providing the most effective patient care. According to the World Health Organization, more than 450 million people worldwide suffer from mental disorders. Approximately 121 million patients' mental disorders are accompanied by serious illnesses such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, etc. Sergei Tyulyandin, a head of clinical pharmacology and chemotherapy, the deputy director of Clinical Oncology Research Center in Moscow, reported that many cancer patients, as a result of special treatment, recover, they need not only social support, but professional help of psychologists and psychiatrists for their early return to normal work and social activities (WHO, 2010). Approximately half of cancer patients have the developing mental disorders. In descending order, these disorders are as follows: violation of adaptability, affective disorde rs, organic mental disorders, personality changes, fears. Each of these disorders can be treated under the influence of psychotherapy and / or psychopharmacological methods. â€Å"Neurotransmitters, as well as hormones, are primary messengers, but their release and the mechanism of action in chemical synapses are very different from those of hormones. In the presynaptic cell, vesicles, containing neurotransmitter, release it locally into the very small synaptic gap† (WHO, 2010). Drawback of any of the neurotransmitters can cause a variety of disorders, such as various types of depression. And such disease as cancer, especially its severe forms, can be the reason of transmitter pathologies (Tilan, & Kitlinska, 2010). The study of the Leipzig University, during which 689 patients with various tumors were surveyed, showed that at least one of the three cancer patients in German hospitals also has neurotransmission pathology. As it turned out, 32% of patients suffered from mental illness, 11.6% had several mental disorders. Most often it was depression. The patients perceived the diagnosis and chemotherapy seriously (Universitat Leipzig, 2007). Patients with the psyche abnormal are more likely to complain of pain. However, psychological factors are too often used to explain the pain that has no medical issues. Cancer patients have a moderately increased risk of suicide (mostly within 1 year after diagnosis). Risk factors include

The Battle of Algiers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Battle of Algiers - Essay Example The movie is a real picture of what happened in Algeria during the colonial era. The movie is also developed following the story in the book the â€Å"Wretched of the earth.† The movie is featuring an actor representing the real Frantz Fanon who is the author of the book and was a key player during the Algerian independence struggle. The movie is reconstructed using realistic styles to be like a documentary in order to elaborately inform viewer on the historic event (Proyect). The movie documents all injustices and inhumanity the colonizers imposed on the people as they struggled for independence. In the movie the battle of the Algiers, the entire scenes are constructed using historic memories and content of the book written by Frantz Fanon â€Å"The wretched of the earth.† It is visualized that some content of the book were being imitated live in the movie. For example, there are live scenes in the movie where reenactment of a character acting as Fanon appears (Proyect). The actor representing Fanon in the movie speaks out citing real words used by the real Fanon from his various books (Proyect). In addition to this, there are various interviews in the movie showing statements from people who knew Fanon, his family, and FLN members (Proyect). Other people included were Fanon’s colleagues from the hospital he used to work from. When the movie is compared to the book, definitely the interviews and real speech are not evident. The book is purely descriptive of the events that took place. The entire move is also supported by inclusion of styles like music and other sounds that could depict emotion or an incurring incident (Proyect). There are real sounds of gunfire and bomb explosion heard and seen in the movie. Contrary, when comparing this with the book, it is different. The author of the book has to use written exclamation marks and written sound symbols to illustrate emotion and other sounds. In both the Frantz Fanons Wretched of the Earth

Advanced Accounting Theory & Practice Assignment

Advanced Accounting Theory & Practice - Assignment Example In addition, IAS also prescribes for leases within the financial statements of both the lessees and lessors (Barth et al., 2008). The prescriptions capture both financial leases and operating leases. The main characteristics of IAS 17 include the classification of leases, both the finance leases and operating leases, within financial statements of the lessor and the lessee. The scope section outlines the lease agreements for which IAS 17 is applicable. Additionally, the section also lists various agreements in which IAS 17 does not apply. According to paragraph three of the Standard, agreements transferring an asset’s right-of-use require application of IAS 17 (Selling, 2013). The need for the lessor to provide considerable value of services with regards to the operation and maintenance of the leased assets does not nullify the application of IAS 17. Paragraph two of IAS 17 lists four instances that the standard may not be applied (IFRS Foundation 2011). The agreements are contracts for services lacking a transfer of the asset’s right to use (Selling, 2013). In classifying leases, the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) took into consideration of both the lessee and the lessor (Reinstein & Weirich, 2005). Similarly, IASB also took into account the extent to which the lessee or the lessor may accrue subsidiary rewards from the possession of a leased asset. The risks taken into account include the possibilities of losses arising out of technological obsolescence or idle capacity. In addition, the risks also include potential losses due to digression in return as a result of varying economic conditions. On the other hand, the rewards are characterised by the prospect of a profitable operation over the economic life of the leased asset (Kirsch, 2012). The rewards also comprise the gains arising from appreciation in value of the leased asset. Additionally, the rewards also include any realisation of some residual value. A lease is

Planned Parenthood Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Planned Parenthood Education - Essay Example In the US, there is an underlying belief that abstinence approaches are effective because of a number of reasons. First of all, adherents to this belief claim that there are certain social, physical and psychological effects that will come as result of expressing one’s sexuality. Supporters of this principle claim that young people are not supposed to treat sex as part of their normal lives because they are too young. They believe that any form of sex outside marriage is simply wrong and out of context. People who hold this perspective are guided by a certain set of moral values. The major principle behind these values is that marriage is the only place for sex. They also hold the view that engaging in any sexual activities before marriage will only make things worse for teenagers. There are some negative effects that will come out of premarital sex and must be avoided at all costs. Adherents to this believe normally hold the view that condoms have very high failure rates and other forms of contraceptives are not appropriate for young people as they do not offer one hundred percent guarantee. It should be noted that many families in the United States are founded upon religious beliefs even though many of them may not like to admit it. Religion requires young people to wait until; marriage. Consequently, its society is to remain intact then teenagers need to refrain from having sex completely. Teaching young people that premarital sex is a moral failure does not prevent pregnancy. studies show that those with fearful and negative attitudes about sexuality are less likely to use contraception when they have sex than those who believe they have a right to decide to have sex' (Ira, 1990). Planned Parenthood education is quite plausible because it will teach teenagers the fact that sexuality is a perfectly healthy part of life. Additionally, teenagers get to understand all the beliefs and attitudes about sex. This is because the approach does not hide any issue from them. Besides these, Planned Parenthood education ensures that young people understand the true meaning of relationships while teaching them interpersonal skills at the same time. This method requires teachers to give accurate information; meaning that teenagers will understand how to protect themselves using condoms and will decrease risks of contracting sexually transmitted disease. However, this does not undermine the fact that the approach also talks about the effectiveness of abstinence in preventing teenage pregnancies. The approach addresses the fact that this is the only sure

Googles Mission and Values, an Analysis Essay Example for Free

Googles Mission and Values, an Analysis Essay Google is a 21st century company even though it was founded in 1998 with a simple mission statement; Google’s mission is to organize the world‘s information and make it universally accessible and useful (Google Inc, Quick Profile, 2010,  ¶ 1). Google has one vision: to accomplish it mission by providing the best web based services to its end users. According to the Google on its corporate website, there are ten things they (Google) know to be true that are the keys to their success (Google Inc, Our Philosophy, 2010,  ¶ 4-17) 1.Focus on the user and all else will follow 2.Its the best to do one thing really, really well. 3.Fast is better than slow. 4.Democracy on the web works. 5.You dont need to be at your desk to need an answer. 6.You can make money without doing evil. 7.Theres always more information out there. 8.The need for information crosses all borders. 9.You can be serious without a suit. 10.Great just isnt good enough. What does all this mean in relation to the espoused values and vision of the company? This question requires a closer look. History What a grand endeavor founders Larry Page and Sergey Brin undertook when they founded Google. Googles mission statement seems almost untenable. Both the founders are brilliant engineers and in light of the advancement of technology and their pension for understanding algorithmic math, they built the first Google search engine. Little did they know how the grand ideals encapsulated in Googles mission statement could really change the face of the world in which we live, based on the computer coding to search the web more efficiently, but how did that happen? Before Google, from 1994 to 1997 web search was hit or miss using such services as MOSAIC, Wandex, Webcrawler, Infoseek, Lycos, Altavista, Magellan, Excite, Inktomi, Ask Jeeves, Northern Light Snap, Yahoo, and other smaller search engines. In 1998, that changed with the Google algorithm (Viney, 2008). Once Google was unleashed into the wild of the World Wide Web, it quickly took its place at the top of the search engine services as the best. To give credence to this fact the very name of the company has become a verb. Very few that live in a wired world have not heard the phrase Google it in relation to finding an answer on the internet. Google was so far ahead of its times even James Jenny, reviewer of the book by Jeff Jarvis What would Google Do? states I realized I was reading a glimpse of the future after gaining an understanding of Googles grand goal, its mission, organizing the worlds information (Penny, 2010, pg 810). Philosophy Googles founders simply had an understanding of what could be and found a means to try to accomplish it. They idealized that the world would be a better place if everyone, yes everyone, had access to the same information. A capitalism comparison seems appropriate here since it is based on the precept that the best minds can create the best product and that product will win the market. Google did just this in its creation and it has not only revolutionized the world of internet search, it has begun to see it mission statement to fruition. In the minds of the founders, free information leads to better ideas and actions for all of humanity. Better ideas that will lead overall to a better planet lead by the best thinkers that have the most influence over the direction of industry, politics, and other world opinions, all based on the precept of an unlimited worldview of information that is unlike the education systems in place today in most classrooms. Google espouses the possibility of an education that is not myopic from the point of view of a countrys agenda as can be seen in the teaching of Tiananmen Square in China where none of the textbooks and public media will show the atrocities that happened that day in 1989 as just one example (Richelson and Evans, 1999). Analysis So how has Google fulfilled its vision, mission, and the edicts of it companys culture? The answer is not simple and it would require a PHD dissertation to delve into Googles proposed failures, but even longer, to qualify and quantify its impact of the good it has brought to the world as a whole. It does seem prudent to quickly point out a few of it missteps. A couple of examples are: 1.Google Buzz a Twitter like clone had unintentional consequences for Gmail users because it shared personal information by default with everyone in the users contact list without the consent of the Gmail user. 2.Google Wave was an attempt to redefine email. However, recently Google decided not to continue development due to lack of interest by its end users. All of this has been possible due to Google’s corporate culture that encourages its employees to communicate freely, innovate constantly, and requires that 20% of every employee’s work week be spent working on personal projects without the direction or oversight of management. Gmail came from this directly as did Buzz and Wave. Even Google’s communication with the rest of the world is open and direct. In a recent blunder by Google’s street view project, individuals’ personal information was collected by Google which in some cases included entire emails, passwords, and other data that was inadvertently broadcast by individuals’ unsecured wifi routers. In response to this Google admitted in earnest that it had done so, but that it did not mean to do it and made every attempt to correct the problem. They were up front enough that even the FTC â€Å"forgave† Google for this unintended trespass after they investigated the issue (Forbes, 201 0). Conclusion Overall Google has lived up to its mission and values, both internally and externally. It allows its employees to spread their wings, work in an open environment that promotes ingenuity, and encourages open communication. Google also communicates openly with world governments and humanity as a whole. Even in the wake of Google becoming a public company, it has not lost sight of what makes it special. Google indeed lives up to the ideals it espouses in all respects.

Rules Of E Business In Dominos Pizza Commerce Essay

Rules Of E Business In Dominos Pizza Commerce Essay Based on the first rule of e-business which is Technology is no longer an afterthought in forming business strategy, but the actual cause and driver, the Domino was one of the first companies to apply their product with technology. The plan was when customers felt starving while they watched the television, they could order a Pepperoni Passion using their remote control, without having to move from the sofa. At the meantime, Domino only had seven week to get the technology up and provide the service to customer, this is a very big challenge to Domino. To reach the goal, Domino Company also invests in interactive to attitude to technology. With the interactive TV system in place, Dominos started to think about what it was going to do next. They realized that the infrastructure we had built could take a lot more than just interactive TV orders. Therefore, within three-and-a-half weeks, the firm had developed the online system. The decision made to enable customers to order over the int ernet has paid handsomely and interactive TV or broadband will be the more successful platform at future. (Anh Nguyen  , 2012) Based on research, Cutting-edge IT and Pizza may seem an unlikely alliance, but Dominos says that technology is the key to keeping customers and shareholders happy. In earlier 2011, Dominos Pizza have launched their Australian iphone app and allowing customer to simply use their phone to order Dominos product. In 2012, Dominos Pizza is the recognized world leader in Pizza delivery operating a network of company-owned and franchise-owned stores in the USA and international markets. The vision of Dominos Pizzas is a company of exceptional people on a mission to be the best Pizza delivery company in the world. (Market Watch,2012) Rule 2 Based on the second rule of e-business and stated by Mich (1991) Dominos Pizza reduce the size of its field management network by eliminating a layer of manage and consolidating regional offices to make its field forces more responsive to its individual markets. Domino streamlined eliminates three field offices in USA, which had been subordinate to a network of regional offices. The regional offices have been reduced from eleven to nine. (Business Applications, 2012) The management information system (MIS) has applied to helping Domino become and stay efficient and effective. Managers of Dominos Pizza use this computer-based system to organize, analyze, and execute plans to help Domino flow and accomplish its goals. Dominos Pizza uses this management information system to influence, and control information of employees, cost, profit, technology, procedures and documents. (Anna-Louise, 2011) Rule 3 Based on the third rule of e-business which is Inability to overthrow the dominant, outdated business design often leads to business failure, Dominos Pizza is a company with innovation and creative as well. Dominos Pizza has launched an innovative new Real Time monitoring system in UK and Ireland where are fastest growing Pizza delivery company, to measure service performance in order to get Pizza out-the-door in the minimum amount of time. This industry leading initiative is set to boost customer service levels at Dominos worldwide. ( Nations Restaurant News, 1991) Results by using Real Time Monitoring System: 33% increase in performance across the board following the launch Customer service was the best on record System sales being up 13.1% from the same six-week Motivation and competition increased in-store and across the whole Dominos system. Rule 4 Based on the fourth rule of e-business which is E-commerce is enabling companies to listen to their customers and become either the cheapest, the most familiar, or the best, For a company, one advantage of  social media involvement  is the chance to generate instant customer feedback.   (shyspeak.net, 2009) The new strategy Domino is a great example of a company using social media to  listen to and react  to its customers in order to solve a problem. When Dominos decided to completely change its Pizza recipe, they spend two years of research involving customer taste tests of 50 blends of seasonings, 15 sauces and dozens of cheeses and also created a website www.Pizzaturnaround.com, which features a new  video documentary on YouTube  that uses real Dominos employees to introduce the story of how Dominos listened to its critics and is changing its Pizza recipe for the better.  (Pamela Seiple, 2009) Rule 5 Based on the fifth rule of e-business which is Dont use technology just to create the product; use it to innovate, entertain, and enhance the entire experience surrounding the product, from selection and ordering to receiving and service, Dominos Pizza creation and development the mobile application to do promotion online and allow customer using their phone to order the meal. In earlier 2011, Dominos Pizza have launched their Australian iphone app and allowing customer to simply use their phone to order Dominos product. In 2012, Dominos Pizza is the recognized world leader in Pizza delivery operating a network of company-owned and franchise-owned stores in the USA and international markets. The vision of Dominos Pizza is a company of exceptional people on a mission to be the best Pizza delivery company in the world. (shyspeak.net, 2009) (Which Franchise Ireland, 2009) Rule 6 Based on the sixth rule of e-business which is The business design of the future increasingly uses reconfigurable e-business community models to best meet customers needs, Dominos Pizza build their own extranet to link business and suppliers and using online feedback to contact customers. Dominos Pizza Inc using extranet connects all of their suppliers to have maintained active relationships with suppliers. Besides that, to increasing corporate and saving money, Dominos Pizza has moved its online payment, back-office, E-commerce and corporate e-mail system to the cloud. Therefore, Dominos allow their IT teams focus less one maintenance activities and more in reconfigurable and innovation. (shyspeak.net, 2009) Rule 7 Based on the next rule of e-business which is The goal of new business designs is for companies to create flexible outsourcing alliances that not only off-load costs but also make customers ecstatic, outsourcing partnership is very important to Dominos Pizza especially in IT area. The first IT outsourcing in Dominos Pizza is focuses on continued innovation meet the demands of impressive online growth and also meet the customer requirement. Kcom is the IT outsourcing partner of Dominos Pizza at now and it provide managed Wide Area Network (WAN) to Dominos Pizza Group to help them to build the connectivity between each of their 672 stores around UK and Ireland. The WAN provide by Kcom company which is unmanaged 20CN based network to a fully managed 21CN infrastructure and also it will future proof the Dominos store network and allow them to introduce more complex applications. (Kcom, 2011) Rule 10 Based on the lest rule of e-business which is The tough task for management is to align business strategies, processes, and applications fast, right, and all at once, strong leadership is imperative, the Dominos Pizza has been found by Patrick Doyle. Doyle and his leader team had always view their specialty as convenience to the customer. Any complaints about the food by customers will be offset many times over by the customers who kept coming back for the efficient service. Ultimate, this philosophy made Dominos the worldwide gold standard in pizza delivery, with yearly sales in the billions. At first, Dominos Pizza launched a new advertisement campaign called You Got 30 which means the customers will get their pizza inside 30 minutes. To make the product have better taste and faster delivery, Doyle and his team had to go directly to the source. Doyle and his leader team stayed quiet, listened and took their verbal lumps as consumers launched repeated salvos, comparing the crust to cardboard from 2008 to 2009. Besides that, Dominos retrain 4,900 franchises on how to make a pizza. The manager has to ensure that the old ingredients ran out and new ingredients were stocked as close as possible to the changeover period. Doyle and his leader team made a lot of meaningful change and innovation to this company, because if a manager who vacillates to shoulder responsibility for technological change by understanding how the technology supports business goals will delay progress and harmfully impact future operations.  (Erik Cassano, 2011) Moore. C (2006) How Dominos is Cleaning up in the E-Commerce Market [Online] Available at: http://pizzasandstuff.blogspot.com/2007/11/how-dominos-is-cleaning-up-in-e.html [Accessed 10 Dec 2012] Which Franchise Ireland (2009) Innovation at Dominos Pizza franchise [Online] Available at: http://www.whichfranchise.ie/index.cfm?action=articlesarticleId=47 [Accessed 10 Dec 2012]   Seiple.P. (2009) How Dominos is Using Customer Feedback and Social Media Outreach to Reinvent Its Brand franchise [Online] Available at: http://blog.hubspot.com/blog/tabid/6307/bid/5426/How-Dominos-is-Using-Customer-Feedback-and-Social-Media-Outreach-to-Reinvent-Its-Brand.aspx [Accessed 10 Dec 2012] PRN Newswire (2012) Dominos Pizza ® Expands Mobile Ordering Lineup With New Spanish-Language App [Online] Available at: http://www.marketwatch.com/story/dominos-Pizza-expands-mobile-ordering-lineup-with-new-spanish-language-app-2012-11-08 [Accessed 10 Dec 2012] Jackson. A-L (2011) Dominos Brutally Honest Ads Offset Slow Consumer Spending [Online] Available at: http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-10-17/domino-s-brutally-honest-ads-offset-slow-consumer-spending.html [Accessed 10 Dec 2012] Shyspeak.NET (2009) 10 Rules of  e-Business [Online] Available at: http://shyspeak.wordpress.com/2009/05/26/10-rules-of-e-business/ [Accessed 10 Dec 2012] Cassano. E. (2011) How Patrick Doyle faced the reality of not being the best and took steps to put Dominos back on top [Online] Available at: http://www.sbnonline.com/2011/09/how-patrick-doyle-faced-the-reality-of-not-being-the-best-%E2%80%93-and-took-steps-to-put-domino%E2%80%99s-back-on-top/ [Accessed 10 Dec 2012] KCOM (2011) Kcom secures the first slice of Dominos IT outsourcing strategy. [Online] Available at: http://www.kcom.com/news/kcom-secures-the-first-slice-of-dominos-it-outsourcing-strategy/ [Accessed 10 Dec 2012] Nations Restaurant News(1991) Dominos streamlines field office structure [Online] Available at: http://business.highbeam.com/409700/article-1G1-10747440/domino-streamlines-field-office-structure [Accessed 10 Dec 2012] Business Applications(2012) Applications in Business and Management Enterprise e-Business Systems [Online] Available at: http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/dl/free/0070909636/125778/OBrienCh6.pdf [Accessed 10 Dec 2012]

Kierkegaards View On Faith And Knowledge

Kierkegaards View On Faith And Knowledge Kierkegaard, the father of existentialism, is often seen as a philosophical iconoclast, who rejects excessive formalism and instead believes in the subjectivity of the autonomous individual; autonomy for him is the best guide to what people should do ethically and ethics could in its turn enable the individual to approach knowledge through faith. This philosopher was thus often concerned with the nature of truth and knowledge especially in regard to articles of faith. It is commonly known that biblical Christianity is founded on the truths of Gods word. Kierkegaards claim that knowledge or truth can be achieved through subjectivity is therefore at first glance incomprehensibly elusive. However, it should be taken into account that Kierkegaard is basing his ideas on a criticism of Hegels approach to the nature of absolute knowledge. Hegel claimed namely that human beings could possess absolute knowledge and certainty through a careful and rational analysis of human existence. John Cli macus, a 7th century monk, argued in his turn against this idea by noting that an acceptance of this approach would imply that knowing is more important for Christians than believing; two acts that are very different at the core because of the qualitative difference between knowledge and faith. (Garrett) Kierkegaards major emphasis in this regard is that Christian life is founded on more than a simple belief in an orthodox doctrine. For this reason, when Kierkegaard underlines the need for subjectivity to reach knowledge he is merely claiming that all human beings must appropriate the truth of whatever they believe if it is truly to take hold of their lives. (Garrett). In short, Kierkegaard argues thus that a rational life is indeed a moral life, and a moral life is a religious life. Morality and ethics consequently inevitably lead to religion. Under such a supposition, the ethical individual would surmise his task as becoming less the individual or particular and more the universal (JSTOR 161). The goal becomes the unification of the particular and the universal. Under such a unity, truth is revealed as truth is in what is ethical, and what is ethical is determined by reason. Contrasting Kierkegaards views with the Kantian approach to faith and knowledge enables also for a closer understanding of the philosophers ideas. To Kierkegaard is it not Kantian reason which leads to God but faith. One cannot make a rational decision towards that which has no facts, no proof, and no certainty. The ethical thrives on the certainty of truth through reason. The religious cannot have such a luxury. It is not rational decision-making, rather, it is faith. Kierkegaard refers to the transition from the ethical to the third stage as the Leap of Faith. The Leap of Faith is the third stage in Kierkegaards theory of overcoming the paradox which is an apparently true statement that however leads to a contradiction or a situation that goes against ones intuition. It can only be resolved when the contradiction is shown as apparent. Kierkegaards story of Abraham exhibits such a paradox. Abraham could not prove he heard a voice yet he believed and was willing to risk his son based on this belief. Through Abrahams story Kierkegaard shows that the paradox of faith rests on the idea that the believer acts on less than complete knowledge. Kierkegaard believed however that humans ought to have faith by the virtue of the absurd, which is because something is contradictory at nature. (Kierkegaard) The leap of faith, that is often associated with the emergence of existentialism, is therefore Kierkegaards response to a problem which is essentially Kantian in origin and structure. Kierkegaard wants to accommodate both the Kantian interpretation of morality as a rational command and Kants insistence on morality as the sole point of access to religion, while rejecting the Kantian moralization of religion and rationalization of faith. The leap of faith is not, as existentialism would have it, an absolute beginning in philosophy or in individual reflection but a transition from morality to religion within an essentially Kantian context. This point is not only of historical but also of systematic value. From the standpoint of Kantian philosophy its value lies in the attempt to establish a connection between morality and religion which preserves morality as a rational command but which also avoids the Kantian reduction of religion to morality and faith to reason. From the standpoint of Kierkegaards existentialists successors it advances the argument that morality understood as a rational command is that condition without which the subject can make no progress toward objective and universal truth, which leads to its avoidance of the separation of reason and choice and ends consequently in subjectivism. Kierkegaard sees faith as the abandonment of all else before it in order to wholly accept it. One cannot coldly and rationally choose to accept faith because it has the greatest utility or merit. This would still be the ethical stage in religious clothing. The third stage, according to Kierkegaard, needs passion to survive; it needs the unknown, and the Leap of Faith. If the particular is not faithfully accepted but is rather critically scrutinized, then the religious stage will inevitably suffer the same fate of a moral dilemma that deprives the ethical stage from eternal happiness. According to Kierkegaard, the religious stage is spared only by the ethical paradox through faith. . It is interesting to note that while philosophers as Kant believe that morality and religion are one so the jump is seamless, Kierkegaard believes the step requires an evolution of thought because one cannot move from a set of moral premises to a religious conclusion if morality, which is expressed concep tually, is understood as commands based on reason while religion, which is expressed paradoxically, is understood as promise based on faith (JSTOR 164). Kierkegaards views regarding the nature of rational knowledge attainment through faith rests thus on several principles as has been illustrated. The Leap of faith has been discussed. Another aspect to his ideas is the ethical individual as part of this complicated process. The ethical individual must be like a judge, closely and impartially evaluating all information and evidence presented before making an educated decision. The imagery of the judge represents the epitome of rationalist ideology. He is a character which tries to equate ethics with rational decisions. The judge seeks to distance his self from social relations and personal desires so that he is like a force of nature. With such impartiality, he hopes that he can logically deduce the correct decision to any situation like an artificial intelligence. The judge attempts to watch the scales of relative merit and announce ones choice only after observing a clear tip in one direction. It is, the Judge might say, a foolproof method for determining which choice will produce the most appropriate action (Friedman 160). Through such certainty, an ethicist could be said to demystify the world. One who can act without doubt and knows exactly what decision to make. If a person was truly capable of such power, they could be said to be making their self into that of the divine, with omniscient knowledge In conclusion, whereas as other theorists who argue against secular enlightenment, such as Immanuel Kant, would say that the individual has a logical inescapable path to religion based on factual reasoning, Kierkegaard disagrees. Kierkegaard soundly rejects such assumptions when he declares: I do not believe that Kant himself, or any of his successors, have managed to show that any serious moral constraint can be derived from simply considering the conditions of rational agency. Nor do I think that this can be done. What follows rests on the premise that the Kantian project is a failure (Rudd 13). According to Kierkegaard, is it not rational thought or morality which leads to God, but rather faith alone. The ethical depends on certainty of truth through reason, but the religious cannot have such a luxury. They depend on the very suspension of reason and certainty of knowledge; they depend on faith. This transition from the ethical to the religious is what Kierkegaard refers to as the Leap of Faith. The Leap requires one to accept that their capabilities alone are insufficient, and that only by placing their faith in God can they hope to achieve true knowledge.

My Review of the Play ‘Proof’ :: Theater Essays

My Review of the Play ‘Proof’ Good acting is essential to any good performance. The actors and actresses have to try to make what the audience is seeing and hearing come alive. The four characters in the play â€Å"Proof† are able to do this. The meaning and purpose behind the play is easily understood because the actors and actresses do such a fine job in their performances. The play is about a young woman, Catherine who had been taking care of her father during his last years of life. Anne Heche plays Catherine. Prior to this play, I have never seen Anne Heche in any acting performance. I have to say she did an outstanding job in her portrayal of Catherine. She did a fantastic job of immediately drawing you into Catherine’s world. She aptly portrays the characteristics of a girl who never got a chance to grow up and the slight madness of the genius she inherited from her father. One can easily feel sad for her because after all she gave up all her dreams to take care of her ailing father. Anne Heche plays Catherine so well that it easy for you to fall in love with Catherine and desire only good things for her. The other actors and actress were just as outstanding in their performances. Len Cariou plays Robert. He is Catherine’s father in the play. In the play, he is both humorous and appealing. Len Cariou is very good at portraying Robert’s insanity and brilliance all at once. What is interesting about Robert is that he does not give up his fight against his illness. Instead, he struggles up until his death to control and conquer it. Len Cariou displays this struggle so convincingly that he is able to draw you into his struggle. He is able to stir up emotions, such as sadness and anger. Stephen Kunken plays Hal Dobbs. He is Robert’s protà ©gà ©e. Stephen Kunken is very good at portraying Hal as a geek. However, Stephen is also able to show that not all math students are 100% geek through Hal’s lines and manners. When Hal is at the party, he shows that even geeks know how to have a good time. Hal is the most normal character in the play and Stephen Kunken plays this normalcy with great accuracy and talent.

Perspective on Religion Herman Melvilles Moby-Dick Essay example -- M

Perspective on Religion Herman Melville's Moby-Dick A cornerstone of the philosophical and narrative substructure of Herman Melville's Moby-Dick is point of view, or perspective. The textually primary point of view in the novel is Ishmael's, since he is the narrator of the story. However, Ishmael relates his story in such a way that one can easily detect numerous other "voices," or other perspectives, in the story, which often oppose the narrator's voice. These other, non-primary perspectives function both to establish Moby-Dick as a novel with numerous points of view and to clarify Ishmael's own particular point of view on certain subjects. For instance, in "The Ramadan" Ishmael attempts to convince Queequeg of the ridiculous and impractical nature of Queequeg's religion. Ishmael quickly perceives that his attempt is ineffective. He writes, "I do not think that my remarks about religion made much impression upon Queequeg. Because he somehow seemed dull of hearing on that important subject, unless considered from his own point of view " (88). In this passage and its, context are two important implications. First, in blatantly noting that Queequeg must see from "his own point of view," Ishmael states and accepts that he and Queequeg view religion from different perspectives. Second, in stating in the context of this quotation his criticisms of Queequeg's religion--that it is impractical, unhealthy, and without benefit to the soul - Ishmael reveals something of his own perspective on religion (87-88). Religion, or in the case of Moby-Dick, one's perspective on religion, is a substantial theme in the novel. Of this "important subject," as Ishmael describes it, numerous voices in the narrative speak. The orthodox Christian v... ... of the omnipresence of God. He believes that religion should be practical and healthy. Ishmael believes that history is cyclical, not linear, and he believes in reincarnation. Ishmael believes that humans are the products of their interplay between chance, necessity, and free will. Ishmael argues for all these beliefs not on the basis of canonical revelation or discursive reasons, but on the basis of intuition and mystical insight. This is Ishmael's religious perspective. But whose perspective is right? Is Ishmael's correct? Is Ahab's? Queequeg's? Is the orthodox Christian perspective correct? Moby-Dick does not answer these questions. Ishmael tells the reader that the "pulpit leads to the world" (46). Ishmael shows the reader that who is in the pulpit makes all the difference. Work Cited Melville, Herman. Moby-Dick. New York, NY: Bantam Books, 1981.

Cocaine Addiction :: Free Essays

Everybody knows cocaine is bad for you. So why do so many people take it? It gets you high. You feel good for a little while. Then you’re sad again. Teenagers have this problem a lot. Scientists have found a way to maybe prevent ‘highs’ when using cocaine. Actually, they found a way in animals, and they are hoping to use it on humans. The team showed that the epilepsy drug gamma vinyl-GABA, or GVG, blocked cocaine's effect in the brains of primates, including the process that causes a "high" feeling in humans. Also, the rodents didn’t go back to the place they received the cocaine as much as they did without the epilepsy drug, which is important behavior when pertaining to a human being. Cocaine may be one of the toughest addictions to cure because it triggers a buildup of a protein that persists in the brain and stimulates genes that intensify the craving for the drug. The GVG might be able to help because it sort of stops the chemical release of the protein that builds up and causes the brain to crave the drug. Addiction is a complex process in humans because it is linked to learning and multiple chemical pathways in the brain. So, if some of these can be blocked, then there is no more addiction, and with GVG, there might not be, once it is tested on humans. Since it helped the animals, there is a good chance of it helping us. In the brain, chemicals called neurotransmitters constantly float between brain cells, sending messages that travel through the brain and into the body in a process similar to the game "Telephone." (The molecules pass on the messages.) After neurotransmitter molecules complete their task of leaving their home brain cell and docking with a neighboring cell to convey the message, they usually return to their home cell or are eliminated in the space between cells, called the synapse.

Knowlege on Segway

The Segway Personal Transporter (PT) represents the next generation in personal mobility, offering several advancements that make the ride even more intuitive and productive than ever before. Other examples of Segway Smart Motionâ„ ¢ technology and licensing of Segway Smart Motion technology to other third-party companies, demonstrate that Segway continues to challenge the assumptions and expand the boundaries of traditional transportation. For Consumers. You can choose between the versatile and sleek flagship model, the Segway i2 with lithium-ion batteries standard); the Segway x2, or six different fully equipped packages tailored to such uses as commuting and golf. The Segway i2 is a great way to enjoy the ride while commuting to work, running errands, or just traveling a short distance where a car is more hassle than it's worth. The Segway x2 brings added versatility to your world, offering sturdy capability in rugged off-sidewalk terrains such as trails, bike paths or beachfronts. The Segway x2 Golf package is an innovative, fun and flexible way to play around. And remember, fun is engineered into every Segway PT we build! Go to our easy to use configurator to build your own Segway PT and decide which Segway PT may be best suited for you. Every Segway PT is engineered from the groundup for durability and reliable operation for years to come, and they all come standard with a one-year limited warranty. For Businesses Businesses worldwide have discovered the enhanced productivity and increased mobility inherent to the versatile, reliable and durable Segway i2. The Segway i2 has been developed to excel in speed, range, and maneuverability in varied environments. It comes standard with lithium-ion batteries for extended range of up to 24 miles on a single charge. Packages tailored to the needs of security and commercial customers are now available and an additional range of accessories can be added for true customization. Police and security agencies worldwide are using Segway products to patrol airports, transit stations, manufacturing facilities, shopping malls and campuses. Check out the versatile Segway i2 Police , optimized for policing needs with additional cargo and reflectivity options. For businesses operating in outdoor environments, the Segway x2 maximizes performance on diverse off-sidewalk terrain. This rugged version of our venerable Segway PT makes tackling rough terrain a breeze. Equipped with standard lithium-ion batteries and low-pressure tires. The Segway Robotic Mobility Platform (RMP) takes the performance and engineering prowess demonstrated in the Segway PT and makes it available in a durable package for robotics applications.

Champion equality, diversity and inclusion Essay

1: Understand diversity, equality and inclusion in own area of responsibility Diversity means difference. Diversity recognizes that although people have things in common with each other, they are also different and unique in many ways. Diversity is about recognizing and valuing those differences. It therefore consists of visible and non-visible factors, which include personal characteristics such as background, culture, personality and work-style in addition to the characteristics that are protected under discrimination legislation in terms of race, disability, gender, religion and belief, sexual orientation and age. By recognizing and understanding our individual differences and embracing them, and moving beyond simple tolerance, we can create a productive environment in which everybody feels valued. Equality is about ‘creating a fairer society, where everyone can participate and has the opportunity to fulfil their potential’ (DoH, 2004). Equality means being equal in status, rights and opportunities no matter what their race disability, gender, religion, beliefs and cultural differences, sexual orientation and age. see more:potential effects of barriers to equality and inclusion By eliminating prejudice and discrimination, we can deliver services that are personal, fair and diverse and a society that is healthier and happier.  Inclusion is a sense of belonging, feeling included, and feeling respected, valued for who you are, feeling a level of supportive energy and commitment from others so than you can achieve your best. Inclusion ensures everyone has access to resources, rights, goods and services, and is able to participate to activities. 1.1 Explain models of practice that underpin equality, diversity and inclusion in own area of responsibility There are 2 main models of practice underpinning equality diversity and inclusion: the â€Å"equal opportunities model† and the â€Å"difference and diversity model†. In my role of registered manager, I am responsible for ensuring that all individuals, their families, members of staff, care workers and all those I work in partnership with, are treated equally, with dignity and respect. Within the adult home care setting there is a range of policies which formally sets out guidelines and procedures for ensuring equality. The equal opportunity policy takes into account the rights of all individuals and groups within the settings (â€Å"equal opportunities model†). In my managerial role, I promote equality and uphold individual’s equality of opportunity, individual rights and choice, their privacy, individuality, independence, dignity and respect. I also promote equality of care, and confidentiality. In practice I support each individual wherever needed, inclusion, adapted to the individual needs. I support inclusion by ensuring that, whatever their background or situation, are able to participate fully in all aspects of the care being delivered. Inclusive practices ensure that everyone feels valued and has a sense of belonging. Inclusion in our settings is about providing the same opportunities and access to high quality education as well as valuing differences as something we can learn and be empowered from rather than threatened (â€Å"difference and diversity model†). 1.2 Analyse the potential effects of barriers to equality and inclusion in own area of responsibility There are many barriers to diversity and inclusion. The biggest ones are generally prejudice, culture and upbringing and religious beliefs. Prejudice is â€Å"a preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or personal experience† thus creating barriers to recognizing equality of rights for all. Cultural barriers can prevent, for example, consideration of spiritual,  relational or dietary needs that do not conform with expected traditional expectations. Religious belief, where different religious beliefs are not taken into account, and minorities are marginalized and not acknowledged.  Other significant barriers could be structural, institutional and personal: Structural, where circumstances create or result in barriers – for example in access to a ‘good education’ adequate housing, sufficient income to meet basic needs. Institutional, where policies, processes, practices sustain an organizational or service culture that excludes certain people or groups. Personal barriers, where staff can hold individual prejudices that influence their practice. These actions may be conscious, but they can often be unconscious or unwitting. Some vulnerable and disadvantaged individuals need more support to ensure their voice is heard and they are able to have power in the decision making process. Within our setting, if potential barriers to equality and inclusion arise, they are flagged and staff has a good understanding of individual customers. Barriers are then removed or minimized – the care delivery is adapted, person centered and where required resources or equipment provided. In order to minimize the effects of these potential barriers, we always ensure that: †¢ All care delivered is appropriate to the age and level of need. †¢ All staff are positively encouraged to deliver care to someone with complex needs in which they might not usually be engaged. †¢ All staff working with those using our service understands the policy on diversity and equality. †¢ We provide all literature in easy to read and large print to accommodate our customer’s needs. †¢ All practices and procedures in the setting are discussed and anything that is identified as  being discriminatory towards any group or individual is amended. †¢ Management has a sound knowledge of diversity, equality and anti-discrimination issues. †¢ We assess and raise the level of awareness amongst the team about diversity and equality issues and practice. The detrimental effect of barriers to diversity and inclusion can foster low morale and lack of motivation in our care workers and customers. Having an awareness of these potential barriers and their effects allows us to address them timely and effectively. 1. EQUALITY ACT 2010 Equality Act 2010 is the law which bans unfair treatment and helps achieve equal opportunities in the workplace and in wider society. The act replaced previous antidiscrimination laws with a single act to make the law simpler and to remove inconsistencies. This makes the law easier for people to understand and comply with. The act also strengthened protection in some situations. The act covers nine protected characteristics, which cannot be used as a reason to treat people unfairly. Every person has one or more of the protected characteristics, so the act protects everyone against unfair treatment. The protected characteristics are: †¢ age †¢ disability †¢ gender reassignment †¢ marriage and civil partnership †¢ pregnancy and maternity †¢ race †¢ religion or belief †¢ sex †¢ sexual orientation The Equality Act sets out the different ways in which it is unlawful to treat someone, such as direct and indirect discrimination, harassment, victimisation and failing to make a reasonable adjustment for a disabled  person. The act prohibits unfair treatment in the workplace, when providing goods, facilities and services, when exercising public functions, in the disposal and management of premises, in education and by associations (such as private clubs). The equality act will for instance impact on my role as manager with regards recruitment. You will need to ensure that my job specification does not discriminate against particular groups of applicants. When processing applications you should concentrate on an individual’s abilities to do the job, not their disabilities. Make adaptations to accommodate individual’s differences e.g. working hours, special equipment needs etc. The impact legislation and policy has on the promotion of equality, diversity and inclusion within my setting is ensuring policy and procedures are written and adhered to and carried out within the setting, that all staff has an awareness of legislation and policy surrounding equality, diversity and inclusion in practice.

Practical Application of Statistics in Nursing Essay

Statistics is a fundamental part of human knowledge. It is known to be the exact science of collection, interpretation, analysis and presentation of data. It is a mathematical science that gathers and explains causal phenomenon or relationship, analyzes and presents measurements, collects and analyzes information base on factual sources and presents data as accurate as possible. As Fowler, Chevannes and Jarvis (2002) put it, â€Å"Statistics looks at ways of organizing, summarizing and describing quantifiable data, and methods of drawing inferences and generalizing upon them† (p. 1). The application of statistics in nursing curriculum is important because nurses, like other medical professionals, deal with a variety of information that needs statistical treatment of the data. For example, on their everyday encounter with patients, nurses need to apply statistics to calculate the average number of patients examined per day, week, month or year. Measuring the average number of patient examination would enable nurses to predict as to what month health consultation is at its peak. Without knowledge in statistics, nurses would be clueless on what to expect during the incoming month or season. Another example, when giving medicine to the patient, nurses must be able to determine the time interval when a patient should take the prescribed medicine. Nurses, too, must be able to identify what percentage of the admitted patients are carriers of transferable diseases, victims of chronic diseases and others. Moreover, application of statistics such as econometric statistical techniques is helpful in analyzing the cause-effect relationships of diseases and the severity of diseases through correlation and regression principles. History of Statistics Application in Nursing  The demand for statistical literacy among nurses was brought by the growing importance of nursing researches which started on Florence Nightingale’s â€Å"Notes of Nursing† published in 1859. Nightingale was able to describe the factors that affected the performance of soldiers who were involved in the Crimean war. She was able to determine that other illness contracted off the field of war and caused unattended wounds. Nightingale’s notes then became the basis for a review of what and how much amount of care the soldiers should receive (Lipsey, 1993). Following Nightingale’s notes, nursing research became an important part of the nursing curriculum which led to the establishment of the American Journal of Nursing. This journal started to publish nursing research studies as early as 1930s. In 1970s, the focus of research was on the investigation of nursing practice and the outcomes of nursing. This required an in-depth knowledge of research design and statistical methods where clinical problems and issues related to nursing practices were subject to investigation. Uses of Statistics in Nursing In evaluating the use of statistics in nursing, Fowler, Chevannes and Jarvis (2002) identified two reasons why nurses need to be statistically equipped. One of the reason is that statistical literacy is required if nurses are to read and evaluate critical and intelligent data, reports and other literature related to managing health care. Another reason is that knowledge in statistics would help nurses whenever they would decide to undertake an investigation that includes the collection, processing, interpretation and analysis of data and reports on their own account. However, statistics have limitations; it does not prove anything, instead it presents the likelihood of the things to happen based on the result of an investigation (Fowler, Chevannes and Jarvis, 2002). Statistics and the Health Care Investigation Health Care investigation generally involves a five-stage process: 1) identifying the problems and objective; 2) planning; 3) collection of data; 4) interpretation and analysis of the data; and 5) presenting and reporting the result of investigation. In doing health care investigation, the following methodologies are usually utilized: sample survey, clinical trials and epidemiological studies. Usually, getting a sample population is needed to conduct such methodology. In statistics, population means a group or collection of individuals who are the subject of investigation. Variables entails the different characteristics of individuals such as age, weight, height, number of heart beat, manifestation of symptoms and economic status which relate to the health condition of individual. Since it is hard to get all the population to be involved in health care investigation, nurses may use smaller groups or sub-set who will represent the group as a whole. This group is known as sample. Each individual or unit in the sample can provide a data like measurement. This record is called an observation (Fowler, Chevannes and Jarvis, 2002). For example, the nurse wanted to find out whether Generation Y babies (which is the sample unit) are malnourished or just on average weight. The nurse must first identify the duration of the investigation, number of babies to be investigated, and the age and gender of the infants. This would be the variables. Observations would be based on the measurement of each sample infant included in the health investigation. Explanatory Nursing Studies and Inferential Statistics Researches which aim to explain the elucidate the relationship among the variables are more complex than other descriptive studies. Lines of inquiry for this study are often based on establishing theories from other research literature. Example of questions could be: Are people born with mental disease more likely to survive Post Traumatic Syndrome Disorder than people with chronic diseases? Are chronically ill patients more likely to improved under the care of nursing home than on the care of their family? In explanatory study, are not being investigated based on the cause-effect relationship rather it attempt to understand how the given variables are related to each other. Thus, inferential statistics are utilized to analyze or explanatory elucidate the relationship of the variables (Plichta and Garzon, 2009). Prediction and Control Nursing Studies and Statistics Statistics, like medicine, is also an important tool to prevent and control diseases. In prediction and control studies, nurses aim to determine which variables are able to determine causality and are predictive. Such studies are usually quasi-experimental whereas the researcher is bound to introduce an intervention. Experimental designs involve random selection, an intervention, two different groups – one group that receive an intervention and another group that do not receive an intervention – and random assignment of the study participants to either the intervention or the control group. Like explanatory studies, prediction and control studies uses inferential statistics to examine the data and provide answer to the research questions (Plichta and Garzon, 2009). The Statistical Analysis of Health Data  Without the use of statistics, it will be hard to identify which diseases or ill conditions are critical or not. On any instance, medical professionals, particularly the nurses, rely on the result of clinically proven studies on attending to the needs of their patients. Nurses need not only rely on doctor’s order but also they need to be well equipped when dealing with patients. Most of the time, nurses are the primary person who attend to emergency situation. Thus, they should also be knowledgeable in analyzing their patients’ condition based on the medical variables related on the illness or disease being experienced by the patient. However, there are studies with similar topic but posses different results. For example, there are studies that prove the effectiveness of applying chemotherapy to cancer patients. On the other hand, there are studies that show how doctors negatively react on the use of chemotherapy to cure cancer patients. For nurses to avoid being trapped on ethical dilemmas, they must know how to critically analyze those studies that are of their concern, particularly those with statistical measurements. Research studies with statistical analysis of the data usually undertake three stages. First, the data should be cleaned. By cleaning the data, it means that all the variables in the study must have valid and usable values. Running frequencies and examining these frequencies must be done for the researcher to be able to identify the valid values, the amount of missing data and the adequate variability. Nurses, when reading and analyzing such data, must also be able to examine the frequencies used by medical researchers. They should be able to identify the missing data and the validity of the values presented in the studies. The second step in statistical analysis is describing the sample. Here, the researcher employs descriptive statistics with a table that displays the sample’s characteristics are presented. For example, the medical researcher uses a graph, a chart or a table to present the sociodemographic characteristics (e. g. age, weight, height and gender) of the sample patients. Such description enables not only the medical professionals but also the common people to understand the sample population involved in the study. Moreover, in describing the statistical analysis, the key dependent and independent variables are given enough presentation. Nurses must be able to categorize which variables are independent and which are dependent. The last step in statistical analysis of health data is to be able to identify the list of inferential statistics that will be used to test the hypotheses. Application of inferential statistics depends on the research design, size of the sample and the distribution of variables (normal vs. non-normal), scale measurement of the variables (ratio, nominal, interval, ordinal) in the hypothesis and the type of comparison that needs to be made. It is also important to note that for small sample population and for variables which are not normally distributed, nonparametric statistics are used while for large sample population and for normally distributed variables, parametric statistics are utilized (Polit, 1996). In order to not to be deceived by the validity of the hypothesis presented by medical professionals, nurses must be knowledgeable on the application of statistics and its variation. Generally, nurses of today’s generation must be well statistically equipped. They should be able to distinguish which studies are applicable on their field of practice and on the nature of their workplace or community. Not all nurses are working with advanced health facilities thus they should be able to manually learn the basic principles of statistics which will be helpful on every part of their duty – from giving medicine to their patient to reporting the results of treatment, generating research studies, predicting and controlling diseases and applying the fundamental results of valid health studies. Without knowledge in statistics, nurses would fail to give enough care and treatment needed by the patient. Moreover, without knowledge in statistics, nurses, who works directly and personally with their patients, would fail to understand the different conditions being experienced by the patients. With the aid of statistics, nurses would be able to contribute to the growing number of medical researches particularly those which relate to the vocation of nursing.

Urgent Need for Renewable Energy

Introduction In today’s world the most important thing human’s need is electricity. Without electricity most of the modern equipment would not work. Similarly fuel is needed to power transportation devices. Natural recourses such as coal, oil and natural gas are the basis for producing energy for all kinds of devices. Due to the extensive use of these resources they now face extinction. These resources are classified as non-renewable resources.In this report we will discuss different types of resources which can be used as a replacement for producing sustainable energy and also the effects on the environment by burning the carbon based resources.Renewable EnergyRenewable energy is energy which is derived from natural resources such as the sun, wind, tides, streams, rivers, biomass etc. Renewable energy is naturally replenished; it is sustainable energy and does not harm the environment. About 19% of the world’s electricity requirements are met by renewably energy.The differen t types of renewable energy are: Solar EnergySolar energy is obtained from the sun. Sun is a source of light and heat for all living things. It provides energy for photosynthesis, the process of plants creating oxygen. Solar energy can be harnessed and converted to electricity by using solar panels. Sun is also directly or indirectly responsible for most forms of renewable energy requirements, for example – heat causes wind which intern causes tidal energy. Sunlight causes tree growth some of which contribute for biomass energy.HydropowerHydropower is obtained from the force of water flowing downstream. Water is continuously recycled by the environmental cycle of precipitation and evaporation. This cycle cause water to evaporate and fall back down to earth in the form of rain which makes the rivers flow. This water is also stored in dams which are used all around the world to generate electricity by turbines and generators. Also energy can be obtained from tides and ocean wav es which can be harnessed to produce electricity.Biomass EnergyThe most common source of biomass energy is wood. But other sources such as food crops, plants, agriculture and industrial waste, organic municipal components are also used around the world for producing energy. Biomass can also be converted to biofuel which can be used as an alternative to petrol and diesel to run vehicles and heavy machinery. Hydrogen Hydrogen is one of the most common on our planet. However, it is mostly found in combinations with other element in nature. For example – water is two part hydrogen and one part oxygen.Hydrogen is a very good source of renewable energy however the technology needed to extract this element is still in its early stages. Currently the most common way of extracting hydrogen is steam hydrocarbons and reforming. Other methods include thermolysis and electrolysis.Geothermal EnergyThe heat from the earth’s core produces steam and hot water which can be used generate electricity, or for other purposes like home heating and generating power in factories. Geothermal energy can be obtained by digging deep underground reservoirs.Wind EnergyWind energy is the conversion of the power of wind to electricity. Wind energy has been used for over thousands of years to operate mechanical process such as pumping water, grinding, milling etc. to harness wind energy wind farms are created onshore or offshore, wherever there is abundant of wind energy available by using wind turbines. A wind turbine is a machine which converts the wind’s kinetic energy into rotatory motion to by using generators to produce electricity. Wind energy is harnessed in many countries including India, Germany, Denmark and the United States.Reasons for Using Renewable Energy Sources: Using renewable energy saves the environment from the harmful effects of greenhouse gases released in the atmosphere due to burning of fossil fuels. There is abundant of resources available that ar e required for renewables such as the sun, water and wind e available all around the world and thus the cost of setting up the base is significantly reduced which provides a good opportunity for developing nations. Renewable energy resources do not cause military conflicts among nations unlike fossil fuels.Renewable energy sources are Inexhaustible i. e. unlike fossil fuels they get replenished quickly. Using renewable resources we can save fossil fuels for future generations for more valuable means. Harnessing renewables also creates job opportunities in new fields of science and technology. The Fossil Fuel Dilemma Burning of fossil fuels for meeting our energy requirements causes side effects which are becoming a major concern for environmentalists. These side effects include the creation of carbon dioxide, the top greenhouse gas and contributor to global warming.Also ozone layer depletion and Acid rain are a major concern relating to the environment. Due to the burning of fossil fuels and the greenhouse effect the average temperature has risen by one degree Fahrenheit (1 °F). Acid rain The principal cause of acid rain is the release of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide in the atmosphere which then react with water molecules to produce acidic compounds. Major contributor to this is human activities such as power and electricity generation. Coal power plants are a major cause to producing these gasses.The natural phenomenon causing acid rain is the emission of acidic gases from volcanos. Ozone layer depletion The ozone layer is a layer in the earth’s atmosphere located about 20 to 30 kilometers above sea level. The ozone layer contains a high concentrate of the gas ozone (O3). The ozone layer’s importance is that it absorbs 97 – 99% of the Sun's ultraviolet radiation, which can damage all forms of life on earth. These ultraviolet rays are the main cause of sunburns and excess exposure to this can cause skin cancer. The ozone layer is st eadily declining by about 4% per decade from the earth’s stratosphere.The most significant tear in the earth’s ozone layer is over the Polar Regions namely Antarctica. This phenomenon is called the ‘Ozone Hole’. The main compound responsible for the ozone layer depletion is Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) commonly found in refrigerants used in air conditioners and refrigerators. Due to the Ozone Hole over Antarctica polar ice caps are melting which is causing the rise in sea levels, leading to natural disasters such as floods in many parts of the world. Global Warming Global warming has become in today’s world perhaps the most complicated issue faced by the world leader.Scientific bodies present warnings for the increasing danger from global warming and ongoing buildup of greenhouse gasses produced mainly by burning of fossil fuels and forests. What is Global warming? Global warming is the heating of the earth surface and increase in its average temperatur e that causes corresponding climate change and it may result from greenhouse effect. This idea was first proposed by Nobel Price-Winning chemist Svante Arrhenius in 1896. He speculated that continued burning of fossil fuels would result in the increase in the earth temperature making it warmer (Global Warming & Climate Change, 2012).What Causes of Global Warming? Scientists have examined all the factors that can affect the Earth’s temperature. Three essential factors can be responsible for recent rapid global warming. These are namely The Sun, Earth’s reflectivity and Greenhouse gases. Out of these three major factors greenhouse effect causes contributes the most to the process. 1. The Sun: As we all know sun is a huge ball of fire. All the climate changes are powered by the sun. It could have played an important role in heating up the temperature of the earth.Studies show that since 1985, the sun has changed in ways that if anything, it should have cooled the planet. Therefore sun alone does not cause global warming. 2. Earth’s reflectivity: Earth’s atmosphere traps 70% of the sun’s energy and reflects the remaining back into space. Changes in how much sunlight is absorbed and reflected may change global temperatures. Scientists have calculated how earth’s reflectivity has changed over time. These suggest that a particular type of pollution especially sulfur-containing particles have had a cooling effect masking the effects of greenhouse gases.Since the industrialization of countries, they began to clean up this pollutant and increase their greenhouse emissions. 3. Greenhouse gases: All scientific evidence point towards one factor only that is greenhouse gases. It is responsible for the rise in global temperature. Greenhouse gases are many chemical compounds found in the earth’s atmosphere. They allow sunlight into the earth’s atmosphere freely. This sunlight when reflected back towards the space by eart h in the form of infrared radiation (heat).The greenhouse gases absorb the infrared radiation and trap the heat in earth’s atmosphere. The primary greenhouse gases in the Earth's atmosphere are water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone. Burning of fossil fuels like coal, oil and natural gas as well as wood contribute mainly to the increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere (How we know human activity is causing warming, 2012). Climate change Assessments generally suggest that the Earth’s climate has warmed over the past century and that human activity affecting the atmosphere is likely an important driving factor.A National Research Council study dated May 2001 stated, â€Å"Greenhouse gases are accumulating in Earth’s atmosphere as a result of human activities, causing surface air temperatures and sub-surface ocean temperatures to rise. Temperatures are, in fact, rising. The changes observed over the last several decades are likely mostl y due to human activities, but we cannot rule out that some significant part of these changes is also a reflection of natural variability. † (Greenhouse Gases, Climate Change, and Energy, 2004) International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA)The International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) was founded in 2009 with the support of World Wind Energy Association and Hermann Scheer the president of EUROSOLAR and chair of the World Council for Renewable Energy. It is a worldwide governmental organization and It’s primary focus is to promote widespread use of renewable energy in all forms with a view of sustainable development. At the Preparatory Commission meeting Abu Dhabi was elected as interim headquarters of the Agency. Its main aim is to promote the use of renewable energy and reduce the emission greenhouse gases in the environment.IRENA provides advice and support to governments of both industrialized and developing countries on renewable energy policy, capacity building, and technology transfer (irena. org, 2012). Policies for renewable energies in India: Ministry of Non-conventional Energy Sources: India’s search for renewable resources that would lead to sustainable development started in early 70’s. Realising the need for concentrated efforts in this segment, the Indian Government established a Commission for Additional Sources of Energy (CASE) in the Department of Science and Technology in 1981.The directive of CASE is to promote research and development activities in the field of renewable energy. CASE was formally incorporated in 1982, in the recently created Department of Non-conventional Energy Sources (DNES). In 1992 DNES became the Ministry for Non-conventional Energy Sources, commonly known as MNES. The Prime Minister of India has declared a target of 10% share for Renewable Energy or 10,000 MW in the power generation capacity to be added during the period up to 2012. The broad objectives predicted in the policy are: Achiev ing the minimum energy requirements via Renewable energy. †¢Providing decentralised energy supply in agriculture, industry, commercial and household sectors in rural and urban areas. †¢Providing grid quality power. Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission: The main goal of this mission is to establish India as the global leader in solar energy. This mission was officially launched Manmohan Singh, the prime minister of India. It is a three phase mission where the 1st phase starts from 2012-2013, 2nd phase from 2013-2017 and 3rd phase from 2017-2022. http://www. nri. org/projects/biomass/conference_papers/policy_material_section_3. pdf) Policies for Renewable resources in US: Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS): It aims and requires electricity providers to provide a stated amount of customer electricity through renewable resources. Public Benefits Funds for Renewable Energy: These are a pool of resources used by the country to provide and invest renewable energy supply proje cts. These funds are generated by charging a small amount on consumer’s electricity charges which is called system benefits charge.Output based environmental regulations: It establishes emission restrictions per unit of any productive energy output, with a aim of controlling air pollution and encouraging renewable energy. Net Metering: It allows the customers whether residential or commercial who produce their own renewable energy/electricity such as solar energy to get compensation for the energy/electricity they produce. This requires electricity providers to ensure that customer’s electricity meter exactly track how much power or electricity is consumed on location/site or reverted to electricity grid.When the electricity produced on location isn’t used then it is reverted to the grid; when on location production isn’t enough to meet the customer’s need, then the customer uses electricity from the grid. So, surplus electricity is reverted back t o the customer at a later stage/time when they else would have paid for it. Financial Incentives: Such incentives are provided in some states to encourage the development of renewable resources/energy such as tax credits, grants and loans. (http://www. epa. gov/statelocalclimate/state/topics/renewable. html) Polices for Renewable resources in Australia:Renewable Energy Target: RET is divided in two portions, The large scale renewable energy target and small scale renewable energy target. These targets make a financial incentive for investment in renewable energy sources through the formation and trade of certificates. Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA): ARENA is a Commonwealth authority which supports innovation that advances the renewable resources/energy technologies which would lead to the increasing supply renewable energy in Australia. (http://australia. gov. au/topics/environment-and-natural-resources/energy)Policies for Renewable resources in UAE: The Ministry of Fore ign Affairs has announced that Abu Dhabi has the target of achieving 7% renewable energy power generation capacity by the year 2020. Abu Dhabi has committed over $15 billion in renewable energy programs. Masdar City Initiative: Established in 2006, Masdar is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Abu Dhabi Government owned Mubadala Development Company. Masdar is a renewable energy company that functions within the growing sector of renewable energy and sustainable technologies, as well across the technology development and commercialization spectrum.It focuses in 100% renewable energy, developing a carbon neutral city, zero waste, and being the centre of excellence in sustainable technology. REFERENCES Ecology 2011, Fossil Fuels vs. Renewable Energy Resources, Retrieved on July 19, 2012 from http://www. ecology. com/2011/09/06/fossil-fuels-vs-renewable-energy-resources/ Global Warming & Climate Change 2012, Retrieved on July 26, 2012 from http://topics. nytimes. com/top/news/science/topic s/globalwarming/index. html Greenhouse Gases, Climate Change, and Energy 2004, Retrieved on July 25, 2012 from http://www. eia. gov/oiaf/1605/ggccebro/chapter1. htmlGreen energy choice 2012, Renewable Energy: What are My Options? , Retrieved on July 18, 2012 from http://www. greenenergychoice. com/green-guide/renewable-energy-types. html How we know human activity is causing warming 2012, retrieved on July 20, 2012 from http://www. edf. org/climate/human-activity-causes-warming jcmiras. net 2010, Why renewable energy? , Retrieved on July 18, 2012 from http://www. jcmiras. net/jcm/item/31/ Statute 2012, Retrieved on July 26, 2012 from http://www. irena. org/home/index. aspx Wikipedia 2012, Ozone depletion, Retrieved on July 20, 2012 from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Ozone_depletion